Long Ride: BMX Extended Seat Post for Comfort!


Long Ride: BMX Extended Seat Post for Comfort!

This element is an extended model of the usual element discovered on BMX bicycles. It serves because the interface between the bicycle body and the saddle, enabling riders to regulate the peak of the seating association. For instance, riders needing the next saddle place for consolation or particular using kinds could go for this modified half.

The benefits of utilizing this longer adaptation embody improved consolation for taller riders and the potential for enhanced pedaling effectivity. Traditionally, BMX bikes favored decrease saddle positions for maneuverability throughout tips. Nevertheless, with the evolution of BMX disciplines and a wider vary of rider physiques, the necessity for adjustability and luxury has turn out to be more and more vital, resulting in the elevated availability and adoption of longer posts.

The next sections will delve into the concerns when selecting a selected size, supplies utilized in its building, and compatibility with completely different BMX body designs. Moreover, the dialogue will deal with set up procedures and upkeep suggestions to make sure optimum efficiency and longevity.

1. Size

The essential position of size in relation to this particular BMX element can’t be overstated. It’s the main attribute dictating its utility and immediately impacts rider ergonomics. An inadequate size negates the very objective of an prolonged model, leaving the rider hunched and compromising pedaling effectivity and luxury. Conversely, extreme size can create instability and improve the danger of bending or breakage, notably throughout aggressive using. The collection of the suitable size is thus not merely a matter of choice however a important determination primarily based on the rider’s inseam, body geometry, and meant using model.

Take into account a rider, for instance, who has transitioned to BMX from a bigger bicycle and finds the standard-length put up leads to a cramped using place. By choosing an appropriately longer model, this particular person restores a extra pure leg extension throughout pedaling, lowering pressure on the knees and again. This improved ergonomic positioning, in flip, interprets to elevated energy output and decreased fatigue. One other occasion may contain a rider experimenting with completely different using kinds. A barely longer put up can permit for extra aggressive leans and higher management throughout road using maneuvers, whereas a shorter one may be most well-liked for park using the place a decrease heart of gravity is desired.

In essence, size serves because the defining attribute, mediating between the rider’s bodily necessities and the bicycle’s body. Its appropriate evaluation and choice decide the general effectiveness of this BMX element. Challenges come up in precisely measuring inseam and predicting the best saddle top primarily based on body geometry and private using preferences. The ramifications of incorrect size selections prolong past mere discomfort; they’ll considerably affect efficiency, improve the danger of harm, and finally undermine the general using expertise.

2. Materials

The selection of fabric in its building dictates not solely its energy and weight but additionally its longevity and total efficiency. It is a important consideration, a silent determinant of the rider’s expertise and the element’s resilience beneath stress. The supplies used on this vertical extension are the silent protectors from unexpected circumstances.

  • Chromoly Metal: The Bastion of Power

    Chromoly metal, an alloy of chromium and molybdenum, emerges because the quintessential materials for riders prioritizing robustness. Its greater tensile energy in comparison with normal metal permits it to resist vital impacts and torsional forces. For example, a road rider executing a tailwhip and touchdown awkwardly locations immense stress on the seat put up. A chromoly put up is much extra prone to take in this shock with out bending or fracturing, guaranteeing the rider can proceed their session. This resilience comes on the expense of weight; chromoly posts are usually heavier than their aluminum counterparts.

  • Aluminum: The Pursuit of Lightness

    Aluminum, prized for its low density, presents a contrasting strategy. Riders targeted on weight discount, notably in racing disciplines, typically gravitate towards aluminum. This materials permits for faster acceleration and simpler maneuverability. Nevertheless, aluminum’s decrease energy necessitates thicker partitions, doubtlessly negating among the weight financial savings. Moreover, aluminum is extra prone to fatigue and cracking beneath repeated stress. A park rider touchdown quite a few backflips may discover an aluminum put up creating stress fractures over time, demanding extra frequent replacements.

  • Warmth Therapy: Forging Resilience

    Whatever the base materials, warmth remedy processes play an important position in enhancing its properties. Warmth treating chromoly metal can additional improve its energy and fatigue resistance, whereas warmth treating aluminum can enhance its hardness and yield energy. These processes contain rigorously managed heating and cooling cycles that alter the fabric’s microstructure, optimizing it for particular efficiency traits. The absence of correct warmth remedy can render even high-quality supplies weak to untimely failure.

  • The Synthesis: Compromise and Optimization

    The last word choice is dependent upon a fragile steadiness between energy, weight, and value. Riders should rigorously weigh their particular person wants and using model towards the fabric’s inherent properties. A heavier rider engaged in aggressive road using will doubtless profit extra from the sturdiness of chromoly metal, whereas a lighter rider targeted on racing could prioritize the load financial savings of aluminum. Understanding these trade-offs is crucial for making an knowledgeable determination that maximizes efficiency and longevity.

These materials selections replicate the broader engineering concerns that underscore BMX element design. The seek for the optimum answer is an ongoing course of, pushed by the evolving calls for of the game and the relentless pursuit of improved efficiency. The last word willpower of fabric alternative on this element is greater than a matter of choice; it’s a calculated determination that resonates with each bounce, grind, and touchdown.

3. Diameter

Diameter, within the context of the modified seating stem for BMX bicycles, represents excess of a easy measurement. It’s the linchpin within the fitment, the silent arbiter of compatibility between body and element. It’s the issue figuring out the secure and proper operate of the seating association. A misjudgment on this dimension can render the half ineffective or, worse, compromise rider security.

  • The Immutable Customary: Outer Diameter and Body Interface

    The outer diameter is dictated by the interior diameter of the bicycle body’s seat tube. Typical BMX frames adhere to established requirements akin to 25.4mm (1 inch), 27.2mm, and sometimes others. Deciding on a put up with an incorrect outer diameter dangers both being too small, leading to slippage and potential harm to the body, or too massive, stopping set up altogether. An instance may be a rider changing a broken stem on an older BMX with a 25.4mm seat tube. Inadvertently ordering a 27.2mm substitute would lead to an unusable element. This single dimension governs all the interplay between the bicycle and its supporting stem.

  • Shimming Options: Bridging the Gaps, Mitigating Imcompatibility

    In cases the place the stem’s outer diameter is smaller than the seat tube’s inner diameter, shims skinny sleeves of metallic or composite materials can bridge the hole. These shims successfully improve the stem’s outer diameter, guaranteeing a cosy and safe match. Nevertheless, shimming shouldn’t be a common answer. Extreme shimming can compromise the integrity of the connection and introduce play. It’s typically beneficial to make use of shims sparingly and solely when the diameter distinction is minimal. Shimming ought to by no means be utilized to power larger-than-required diameter right into a seat tube, beneath any circumstance.

  • Interior Diameter and Saddle Rail Compatibility

    The internal diameter of the stem’s clamping mechanism dictates compatibility with the saddle rails. Frequent rail diameters are 7mm, however variations exist. Mismatched diameters can stop safe saddle attachment, resulting in instability and potential harm. A rider upgrading to a saddle with outsized rails should make sure the stem’s clamp can accommodate the brand new rail diameter. The internal diameter governs the power to adapt rider tools.

  • Wall Thickness: The Stability of Power and Weight

    Whereas not strictly a “diameter,” wall thickness, which immediately impacts the internal diameter, performs an important position. Thicker partitions improve energy and resistance to bending, whereas thinner partitions scale back weight. Producers rigorously steadiness these competing calls for to optimize the element’s efficiency. A thicker walled diameter with a shorter stem size may be extra applicable than a really skinny walled diameter and longer size stem.

These diameter-related components are interwoven into the very material of BMX bicycle design. Understanding their implications is crucial for making knowledgeable buying selections, guaranteeing compatibility, and sustaining rider security. Every millimeter counts; every measurement issues. The diameter stays the gatekeeper to correct meeting and safe operation.

4. Clamp Type

The juncture the place the prolonged put up meets the saddle rails is ruled by the clamp model, a important interface figuring out safety and adjustability. The clamp model dictates not solely how firmly the saddle is held but additionally the convenience with which its angle might be adjusted, impacting rider consolation and management. The collection of a selected clamp model represents a deliberate alternative, reflecting a rider’s priorities and preferences.

  • Single-Bolt Clamps: Simplicity and Light-weight Issues

    The only-bolt clamp, characterised by its minimalist design, presents simplicity and weight financial savings. It secures the saddle rails with a single bolt, making changes comparatively easy. This sort is usually discovered on entry-level BMX bikes and appeals to riders prioritizing weight over final clamping power. Nevertheless, the single-bolt design might be liable to slipping beneath heavy masses or throughout aggressive maneuvers. For instance, a newbie studying tailwhips may discover the saddle shifting throughout landings, necessitating frequent readjustments. The only-bolt clamp presents a trade-off between simplicity and safety.

  • Double-Bolt Clamps: Enhanced Safety and Exact Changes

    Double-bolt clamps make the most of two bolts to distribute the clamping power extra evenly throughout the saddle rails. This design offers superior safety and reduces the danger of slippage, making it appropriate for riders engaged in additional demanding disciplines. Moreover, the double-bolt configuration typically permits for finer changes to the saddle angle, enabling riders to dial of their most well-liked using place with higher precision. Take into account a road rider performing barspins and tail faucets. The added clamping power of a double-bolt system ensures the saddle stays firmly in place, even beneath the acute stresses of those maneuvers. Double-bolt clamps sacrifice simplicity for enhanced efficiency.

  • Pivotal Methods: Built-in Design for Streamlined Aesthetics

    Pivotal techniques symbolize an built-in strategy, whereby the saddle and put up are particularly designed to interface with one another. This design eliminates the standard rail-based clamping mechanism, leading to a cleaner, extra streamlined aesthetic. Pivotal techniques supply restricted adjustability, usually restricted to a couple pre-set angles, however present a strong and creak-free connection. A park rider who values a clear aesthetic and constant saddle angle may go for a pivotal system. The built-in design ensures a safe and dependable connection, minimizing the danger of slippage or loosening. Pivotal techniques prioritize integration over adjustability.

  • Built-in Pivotal (Tripod) Methods: Maximizing Power with Three-Level Contact

    Tripod techniques take integration a step additional, using three bolts to safe the saddle to the put up. This design maximizes clamping power and stability, making it ultimate for riders who demand the utmost reliability. Tripod techniques, like pivotal techniques, supply restricted adjustability, however the elevated energy and sturdiness make them a preferred alternative for aggressive using kinds. A mud jumper touchdown massive jumps and performing aerial tips depends on the strong clamping power of a tripod system to stop saddle motion. Tripod techniques symbolize the head of built-in energy.

The selection of clamp model underscores the multifaceted nature of BMX element choice. Every possibility presents a singular mix of simplicity, safety, adjustability, and aesthetics. Understanding these trade-offs empowers riders to make knowledgeable selections, tailoring their bikes to their particular person wants and using kinds. Clamp model stays a important factor within the total seating equation, influencing each efficiency and luxury, and guaranteeing the rider’s connection to the machine is as safe and seamless as attainable.

5. Compatibility

The narrative of its choice is commonly a story of cautious measurements and cautious cross-referencing. The BMX body, a inflexible skeleton of metal or alloy, dictates the diameter of the seat tube, an unyielding aperture into which the modified stem should exactly match. The saddle, the rider’s level of contact, presents one other compatibility problem, its rails demanding a clamp mechanism able to securing them firmly. These two interfaces body to stem, stem to saddle symbolize the essential checkpoints within the compatibility saga.

Take into account the case of a BMX fanatic restoring a classic body. The body, sourced from a bygone period, adheres to non-standard dimensions. A contemporary extension, available, proves incompatible, its diameter failing to align with the body’s archaic specs. The fanatic is then confronted with a alternative: both modify the body, compromising its historic integrity, or embark on a seek for a uncommon, period-correct element. This illustrates the cause-and-effect relationship at play. The body’s specs immediately dictate the vary of suitable components, and any deviation results in both adaptation or abandonment. Equally, the saddle presents its personal hurdles. A rider upgrading to a contemporary saddle with outsized rails discovers that the stem’s clamp is ill-equipped to accommodate the thicker profile. This necessitates a substitute clamp, or perhaps a new stem altogether, to make sure a safe and purposeful connection.

The understanding of compatibility, due to this fact, transcends mere technical specification; it embodies a important evaluation of the interaction between varied parts. The right choice minimizes dangers of element failure. The lesson is obvious: compatibility shouldn’t be merely a fascinating attribute, it’s a foundational requirement for security, efficiency, and total using enjoyment. The narrative serves as a reminder that the selection shouldn’t be a matter of choice however a calculated necessity, one the place precision and diligence are paramount.

6. Weight

The consideration of mass, when selecting a BMX saddle assist extension, transcends a mere numerical worth. It embodies a fancy interaction of efficiency, sturdiness, and using model. The burden of extra mass can diminish agility, whereas the pursuit of final lightness dangers structural integrity. Every gram shaved or added turns into a tangible factor within the rider’s expertise.

  • Rotational Mass and Acceleration

    Weight positioned farther from the bicycle’s heart of rotation, as is the case with an prolonged put up, exerts a disproportionate affect on acceleration and maneuverability. The higher the mass, the extra power required to provoke motion and alter course. Take into account a racer sprinting out of a beginning gate; a very heavy stem impedes acceleration, hindering their capability to realize an early benefit. Equally, a park rider trying a fast barspin finds the added inertia making the trick harder to execute easily.

  • Power-to-Weight Ratio: The Engineering Compromise

    The pursuit of a light-weight element invariably entails a trade-off with energy. Decreasing materials to reduce weight can compromise the put up’s capability to resist the stresses of aggressive using. A road rider touchdown closely after a bounce locations vital power on the extension. If the element is excessively gentle, it might bend and even break, leading to a crash. Producers meticulously steadiness these competing calls for, using superior supplies and engineering methods to optimize the strength-to-weight ratio.

  • Rider Fatigue and Endurance

    The cumulative impact of added weight, even seemingly negligible quantities, can contribute to rider fatigue over prolonged periods. A heavier bicycle calls for extra power to propel and management, resulting in earlier exhaustion. That is notably related for riders engaged in long-distance using. The incremental weight of an unnecessarily heavy extension can diminish their endurance, impacting total efficiency and delight.

  • Materials Choice and Weight Implications

    The selection of fabric immediately influences the load of the BMX element. Aluminum alloys, prized for his or her low density, supply vital weight financial savings in comparison with metal. Nevertheless, aluminum’s decrease energy necessitates thicker partitions, doubtlessly negating among the weight benefit. Metal, whereas heavier, offers superior sturdiness and resistance to bending. The fabric choice, due to this fact, represents a important determination, weighing the advantages of lightness towards the calls for of the meant using model.

The cautious consideration of weight, inside this narrative, reveals the intricate engineering concerns that underpin BMX element design. It transcends the realm of straightforward numbers, reflecting a fragile steadiness between efficiency, sturdiness, and rider expertise. The delicate nuances of grams and ounces translate immediately into tangible variations on the observe, within the park, and on the road.

7. Sturdiness

Within the harsh actuality of BMX using, the place each element is examined to its absolute restrict, its capability to resist relentless abuse stands as a paramount advantage. This is not merely about longevity; it is in regards to the confidence a rider locations of their tools, figuring out it will not fail at a important second.

  • Materials Fatigue and Stress Fractures

    Every bounce, every touchdown, every grind imparts cumulative stress upon this element. Over time, this repeated stress can result in materials fatigue, finally culminating in microscopic cracks that propagate and weaken the construction. Take into account a road rider always touchdown closely on the saddle after performing tips. The repeated impacts slowly degrade the metallic, making it liable to sudden fracture. The selection of fabric, warmth remedy processes, and even the element’s geometry all contribute to its resistance to fatigue.

  • Affect Resistance and Bending Forces

    The BMX setting is rife with potential impacts. Whether or not it is a botched touchdown on a concrete floor or a collision with a metallic rail, the stem is commonly subjected to vital bending forces. A put up constructed from substandard supplies or missing enough reinforcement can deform completely, compromising its performance and doubtlessly resulting in a harmful state of affairs. Think about a rider misjudging a bounce and touchdown nose-heavy. The power of affect can simply bend a weak put up, throwing off the rider’s steadiness and inflicting a crash.

  • Corrosion Resistance and Environmental Elements

    Publicity to the weather, notably moisture and corrosive substances, can progressively degrade this metallic element. Rust weakens the metallic, making it extra prone to failure. Coastal environments, the place salt air accelerates corrosion, pose a specific problem. A rider who regularly rides close to the ocean should be diligent in cleansing and sustaining the put up to stop untimely degradation. The selection of corrosion-resistant supplies and protecting coatings can considerably prolong the element’s lifespan in harsh environments.

  • Clamp Integrity and Slippage Prevention

    The clamp mechanism, liable for securing the saddle, is a important level of vulnerability. If the clamp is poorly designed or manufactured, it could possibly loosen over time, permitting the saddle to slide. This slippage not solely disrupts the rider’s steadiness but additionally locations undue stress on the put up itself. An skilled rider counting on the soundness of their saddle throughout a tough trick will shortly lose confidence if the clamp is liable to slippage. A sturdy clamp design and high-quality fasteners are important for guaranteeing long-term reliability.

These aspects of resistance are interwoven into the very essence of BMX using. A sturdy extension is greater than only a piece of metallic; it is a lifeline, a guarantor of security, and a testomony to the rider’s unwavering confidence of their tools. In a world the place each trick calls for absolute dedication, sturdiness is the silent associate, guaranteeing that the extension performs flawlessly, experience after experience.

8. Adjustability

The story of this BMX element is inextricably linked to the rider’s quest for a personalised match. This particular element serves as a key factor for riders looking for personalized settings of their seating and experience. Take into account a younger BMX rider, quickly rising, whose body nonetheless has years of life. With out the power to regulate their saddle top, the rider can be compelled to experience uncomfortably low. It permits for changes to cater for the rider. The worth of the modified element lies not simply in its elongated type however within the vary of positions it unlocks. Every millimeter represents a possible shift in steadiness, a refinement of pedaling effectivity, a discount in pressure. The significance of this element lies with the actual fact it permits riders to make modifications, enabling riders to carry out effectively, and higher of their sport or pastime.

A BMX rider transitioning from park using to grime leaping experiences the affect of adjustability. Within the park, a decrease saddle place permits for higher freedom of motion throughout tips. Nevertheless, on the grime, a barely greater saddle can enhance pedaling energy and management on strategy to jumps. That is additionally evident in grime leaping, the place a decrease saddle offers superior maneuverability. The power to fine-tune the seat top permits the rider to adapt their bike to the particular calls for of every setting, optimizing efficiency. This, nevertheless, requires that the rider is aware of the right way to alter and what must be adjusted. They have to additionally know the limitation of what they’re adjusting.

In conclusion, the essence of this element resides in its capability to bridge the hole between standardized body geometries and the distinctive bodily traits of particular person riders. It transforms a static bicycle right into a dynamic software, adaptable to altering wants and preferences. This adaptivity, as it’s referred to, offers and creates a means for BMX riders to be environment friendly, and secure. The continued problem lies in creating designs that maximize adjustability with out compromising energy and stability, guaranteeing that riders can confidently discover the bounds of their expertise. This hyperlink between match and bicycle element is important to know.

Often Requested Questions

The realm of BMX modification typically raises questions, notably regarding parts like this prolonged half. The next makes an attempt to handle frequent uncertainties, offering clear steering primarily based on expertise and finest practices.

Query 1: Is an extended than normal element actually mandatory?

The necessity for a lengthier element relies upon completely on particular person circumstances. A taller rider, going through discomfort with an ordinary stem, advantages considerably. Take into account a six-foot rider contorted over a BMX body designed for somebody a lot shorter. A prolonged assist alleviates that discomfort, restoring correct leg extension and bettering pedaling effectivity. If discomfort or compromised using place exists, an extended element warrants consideration.

Query 2: Can any prolonged model be fitted to a BMX body?

Compatibility is paramount. An extended model with an incorrect diameter is rendered ineffective. The body’s seat tube dictates the required diameter. A 27.2mm stem can’t be compelled right into a 25.4mm seat tube with out inflicting harm. Prior measurement and adherence to the body’s specs are non-negotiable.

Query 3: Does the fabric used considerably affect efficiency?

Materials choice is much from trivial. Chromoly metal presents superior energy and sturdiness, essential for aggressive using. Aluminum, whereas lighter, sacrifices some energy. A road rider, subjecting their bike to heavy impacts, advantages from chromoly. A racer, prioritizing weight discount, may go for aluminum. The selection is a calculated trade-off.

Query 4: How essential is the clamp model to saddle safety?

The clamp model immediately dictates saddle safety. A single-bolt clamp, whereas easy, can slip beneath heavy masses. A double-bolt clamp offers enhanced clamping power. A pivotal system presents a streamlined, built-in design. A rider executing tailwhips requires the unwavering safety of a double-bolt or pivotal system. A unfastened saddle is a harmful legal responsibility.

Query 5: Will an extended stem negatively affect the bicycle’s dealing with?

An excessively longer than required model can compromise dealing with. It raises the middle of gravity, doubtlessly lowering stability and maneuverability. A rider looking for solely a slight top adjustment doubtless experiences negligible affect. Nevertheless, a drastic improve in saddle top can noticeably alter the bike’s really feel. Moderation is essential.

Query 6: How typically ought to a BMX prolonged seat put up be inspected for harm?

Common inspection is essential. Fatigue, cracks, or bends can compromise structural integrity. A rider subjecting their bike to frequent abuse ought to examine the stem earlier than every experience. A visible test for harm can stop catastrophic failure and potential harm. Vigilance is a small worth for peace of thoughts.

These questions and solutions supply a place to begin. Additional analysis and session with skilled riders or bike mechanics are inspired. The collection of applicable parts is an ongoing journey.

The following part will delve into set up procedures and upkeep suggestions.

Navigating the Aftermarket

The realm of aftermarket parts might be treacherous. That is notably true with seemingly easy gadgets. This part offers insights, born from expertise, into guaranteeing a even handed choice. A phrase to the sensible: heed these insights as cautionary tales, classes realized the arduous means.

Tip 1: Heed the Body’s Whisper
The body, that silent sentinel, dictates the diameter. Ignore its counsel at peril. A story is advised of a rider, blinded by aesthetics, forcing a stem right into a too-narrow seat tube. The body, confused past its restrict, fractured. The rider escaped harm, however the body was perpetually ruined. Measure thrice, reduce by no means.

Tip 2: Resist the Attract of Untested Alloys
The market teems with finances choices, their alloys shrouded in thriller. A frugal rider, seduced by a tempting worth, selected an unknown metallic. Beneath the pressure of a easy bounce, the element buckled, pitching the rider headfirst. The financial savings proved fleeting; dental work proved pricey. Respected producers earn their repute.

Tip 3: Respect the Torque Wrench’s Authority
Over-tightening is an act of aggression towards precision engineering. A novice mechanic, emboldened by ignorance, cranked down on a clamp bolt. The stem, subjected to undue stress, cracked internally. The failure remained hidden till a important second, leading to a painful crash. Torque specs exist for a motive.

Tip 4: Lubricate the Interface, Mitigate the Creaks
Metallic towards metallic, unprotected, breeds friction and noise. A rider, tormented by persistent creaks, uncared for lubrication. The friction progressively wore away the metallic, creating play and instability. A easy software of grease might have averted the aggravation and prolonged the element’s life. Silence speaks volumes.

Tip 5: Scrutinize the Welds, Search Flawless Fusion
Welds are the sinews of a metallic element. A discerning eye can detect weak point. A rider, inspecting a newly bought stem, observed porosity within the welds. Regardless of the aesthetic blemish, they put in and rode as ordinary. The stem failed. A cautious inspection may need prevented this crash.

Tip 6: Validate the Size, Keep away from Extremes
A stem prolonged past affordable limits turns into a lever, amplifying stress. A rider, looking for most top, selected a ludicrously lengthy stem. The extreme leverage made the body tough to regulate. Average adjustment brings finest outcomes.

Adhering to those tips presents a level of safety towards disappointment and potential hurt. Information, diligence, and a wholesome dose of skepticism are the rider’s finest protection in navigating the aftermarket. In the end, the hunt for the proper element is a journey finest undertaken with open eyes and a cautious hand.

The fruits of those insights brings us to the concluding remarks.

A Closing Reflection

The journey by the intricacies of the bmx prolonged seat put up has revealed its multifaceted nature. It is a easy size of metallic reworked right into a important factor of rider consolation and efficiency. From materials choice to clamp model and adjustability, every side contributes to the general using expertise. Its a story not simply of bicycle components however of understanding the important intersection between rider physique, using model, and the machine beneath.

The story of the prolonged put up is much from completed. Riders will proceed to hunt the proper match, pushing producers to innovate and refine. As know-how advances, so too will the choices accessible, every promising to boost consolation, enhance management, and, above all, hold riders securely related to their bikes. The search continues, fueled by the limitless pursuit of that good, tailor-made experience, one revolution at a time.

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